I stepped outside last night to take some glass bottles to the recycling bin. The evening was clear, cold and seemingly silent. I hurried with my task, no wanting to linger in the chill. And then a howl rippled through the air. Coyote. The sound echoed through the neighborhood, carrying clearly from a nearby hillside.
I stopped and enjoyed the vocalizations. The long howls were interspersed with sharp yips, sounding like multiple animals. It lasted for several minutes.
I never tire of that sound, no matter how many times I hear it. And this time of year, I enjoy the coyote concert frequently.
Coyotes are one of the most vocal mammals. And they’re also now found widely, so if you live in North America, there’s a good chance that you have some roaming near you.
You can hear them at any time of year, but you may notice increased activity in February and March. And, if you’re like me, you’ll find the howling particularly resonant on a cold winter’s night. Here’s what’s going on.
The Pair Bond
Quite simply, it’s breeding season. While the exact timing varies, depending on geography, coyote breeding season generally occurs between late January and March. Coyotes are generally monogamous, forming strong pair bonds for several years. Some researchers state that the coyotes will remain together until one of the pair dies.
Coyotes are also territorial. The pair howls and yips to let other coyotes know that they have an established territory and not to intrude.
Coyote researcher Brian Mitchell describes the sounds you’re likely to hear at this time of year:
“Group yip-howls are produced by a mated and territorial pair of “alpha” coyotes, with the male howling while the female intersperses her yips, barks, and short howls. “Beta” coyotes (the children of the alpha pair from previous years) and current year pups may join in if they are nearby, or respond with howls of their own.”
Mitchell also notes that other nearby pairs may then respond, announcing their own territories. At such times, it can sound like a cascade of howls across the landscape.
According to Mitchell, this is not the only time of year that coyotes establish their territorial boundaries. The pups are born later in spring, and will form a loose family group. A pack of coyotes howling is an iconic sound of the American West, and it likely serves dual functions. Mitchell writes:
“The group yip howl is thought to have the dual purpose of promoting bonding within the family group while also serving as a territorial display. In other words, the coyotes are saying “we’re a happy family, and we own this turf so you better keep out.” In a sense, the group howls create an auditory fence around a territory, supplementing the physical scent marks left by the group.”
Song Dog
Howling may be the most recognizable coyote vocalization, but these canids actually have a wide repertoire of sounds. (One of the animal’s more endearing nicknames is “song dog”). Researchers generally identify 11 vocalizations that serve a variety of functions, from alarm to warning to socialization.
There is much we don’t understand about the coyote’s calls. Their “language” is likely far more complex than we can comprehend. Researchers like Mitchell note that coyotes have accents that vary geographically and even among family groups, much like humans. And coyotes can recognize another coyote by its distinctive call.
Even though coyotes are one of the most common and adaptable predators in the world, there is much we don’t understand. And there’s also a lot of contradictory information – and complete nonsense – written about coyotes.
There are two reasons for this. Coyotes are relentlessly persecuted throughout their range. A lot of people kill or attempt to kill coyotes, and oftentimes they present their own opinions as fact.
For instance, people often grossly overestimate the number of coyotes in an area. When a couple of coyotes begin calling, their sounds can vary rapidly in pitch and sequence, which can sound like a lot more coyotes than actually are there. Coyote howls often echo against hillsides, compounding the confusion.
This actually may provide a benefit to coyotes. As they establish their territory, sounding like a big pack may deter other coyotes from entering the territory.
I have often heard local hunters describe areas “absolutely overrun with coyotes,” based solely on the howling they’ve heard. Most likely, they were fooled by just a few animals.
A Flexible Lifestyle
I suspect there is another reason for a lot of the contradictory information about coyotes and their behavior. It’s because coyotes behave differently depending on habitat, interactions with humans and other factors.
Coyotes are one of the most adaptable predators. They are found in the Idaho wilderness near my home, but also can live in the midst of large cities like Chicago and Los Angeles. They live in farm country, in suburbs and in urban parks.
The reason that they can thrive in so many different habitats is that they are very flexible and adaptable. They will change their diet and their habits to fit the environment.
So a coyote’s territory and pack bonds are likely different on the public lands of the Rocky Mountains than they are in a suburban neighborhood.
One of the differences some researchers have recognized is that urban coyotes likely vocalize less. I live in an area surrounded by a large wildlife management area and a river greenbelt. I hear coyotes regularly. If you live in a city, you may not hear coyotes as much – but that doesn’t mean they’re not there. They have just found it easier to survive by being quiet.
If you do happen to find yourself in some wide-open spaces this month, step outside in the night and have a listen. You may enjoy one of the great sound shows in nature, the chorus of yips and howls. The coyote survives and thrives despite us, and its howling serves as a reminder to the wildness still in the world.
Mathew, I appreciate your article, as I love the coyotes, and all animals that live among us. I live in northern Catskills mtns, I am a hunter, fur harvester (trapper) and nuisance wildlife relocater, and enjoy being in the forest. I have explained what I am here to give you an insight about the fact that people like me respect all of our environment as well. Once again thank you for all of your factual information, there is a lot of hearsay out there, and your research and facts are greatly appreciated.
My husband and I are lucky enough to spend part of Aug – Sept camping in Dolly Sods, WV while serving as station managers for the Allegheny Front Bird Observatory and our favorite part of the evening is listening to the coyotes songs as we fall asleep! We look forward to their seranade every year!
This is certainly the case right now in east-central Florida. The Eastern Coyotes are very vocal in the cattle pastures near town every night around 9:00 pm. As there are no hills here from which the sounds can echo, it sounds like there are more than 2 animals in the chorus. Very cool to hear while relaxing in the living room with the windows open!
We’re not just hearing them but seeing them in the afternoon in the backyard.
I believe that coyotes use sound to triangulate to move in on a kill. I walk dogs in a 260 acre urban park and one set of yipping sounds gives us the location of one part of the pack or a den. But then later we will hear a second location sounding off. By the time I hear a third I leash up and leave, because they are known to send out a female to entice a dog to chase …. and they will run that dog between the groups until it is exhausted and then they kill it. I have seen panic stricken dogs being chased across a ranch only to be met on the other side with a new group of coyotes, so it turns, and runs into yet another group……. until it can run no more.
Pat that is local lore fear mongering
Louise, I have 2X witnessed my greyhound run after a coyote only to see him run back with 3 or more coyotes on his heels. My Afghan hound was surrounded by 4 coyotes until I sent my other dogs to his rescue, this inside the fence on my 5 acre property. Dog packs will kill coyotes and coyote packs will kill dogs, I have seen both. The mystery to me is why do the dogs see the coyotes as something to go after when they wouldn’t behave that way towards other domestic dogs.
Being born and raised in Arizona, the coyote howls and yips were often heard and I personally have been in close quarters with one or a few at a time (always kept my respectful distance). I did not know though, that just a few could sound like many, thanks for the info. I have lived in Central Oregon for the past 2 years on 2 1/2 acres out from town….not once yet have I heard or seen a coyote, not even when traveling in the many forests here…..very odd!
Perhaps you have not seen coyotes in Central Oregon because of the annual coyote slaughtering contest that takes place there. Horrific and shocking, but sadly, true.
I have, indeed, been hearing more coyote songs recently in central Texas, and it is interesting to know why. The ones in my area seem to sing at about the same time every night, which I had not noticed in northern New Mexico when we had a cabin in the San Pedro mountains, but perhaps I was not paying as much attention. Thank you for this informative article.
How to stop the cruelty in WY of running down coyotes (and other wildlife) with their off road vehicles? And the whole hog killings of coyotes in MT? Such needless sadism!
I grew up in western Montana and I’ve watched very ignorant people vilify coyotes my whole life and the cruelty these ignorant animals, called people, are currently exercising openly and proudly appears to me to be another sign of the trump administrations ability to encourage and support and spread hatred and violence which allows such unbelievable behavior to be taking place in my beloved western state(s). laws are great, but zero good if not enforced, I’ve signed petitions, written legislators, but hold out little help until that monster is ousted from the highest office in the country. these horrible beings should be arrested, their firearms and snowmobiles confiscated for good and they should be rigorously psychologically evaluated because they are certainly a threat to the natural world and its inhabitants and we all deserve to be protected from THEM-THE COYOTES ARE NOT THE THREAT TRUMP SUPPORTERS ARE!
I so much agree with you. Thank you for sharing your thoughts.
Thanks for helping me understand more of what I am hearing!
how very interesting
Nice article. Love to hear them here in western NY
This is wonderful–thank you so much! I love hearing them, and the occasional time that I see one of these beautiful beasties beside the road, as I did last week. And I have intimate family relationships with my dogs, so I feel especially drawn to these relatives, as I am to wolves.
Wonderful article. Thank you!
Thank you for this enlightening information! I love coyotes and wolves but know very little about them.
Much of the information given is negative. I live in a suburban area of Chicago and they give “Coyote warnings” which I suppose is good if you have small pets and want to preserve them.
I love hearing the howl and yips of the coyote where I live. And upon observation of these animals I agree with what you say here. Thank you for the informative read! The coyotes are actually a very amazing animal and deserve a bit of respect in the chain of wildlife.